real_ip_header commit test.
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@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ http {
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}
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}
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location / {
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location / {
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real_ip_header X-Forwarded-For;
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try_files $uri $uri/index.html =404;
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try_files $uri $uri/index.html =404;
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}
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}
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}
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}
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@@ -1318,3 +1318,148 @@ print(l)
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```
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```
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```python
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# 在 Python 的 Tkinter GUI 应用中,我们想实现这样一个简单的功能:创建显示一个按钮,每当用户点击时,就打印出一段文字。如果使用 lambda 函数可以表示成下面这样:
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from tkinter import Button, mainloop
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button = Button(
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text='This is a button',
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command=lambda: print('being pressed')) # 点击时调用 lambda 函数
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button.pack()
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mainloop()
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# 而如果我们用常规函数 def,那么需要写更多的代码:
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from tkinter import Button, mainloop
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def print_message():
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print('being pressed')
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button = Button(
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text='This is a button',
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command=print_message) # 点击时调用 lambda 函数
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button.pack()
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mainloop()
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```
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### Python 函数式编程
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所谓函数式编程,是指代码中每一块都是不可变的(immutable),都由纯函数(purefunction)的形式组成。这里的纯函数,是指函数本身相互独立、互不影响,对于相同的输入,总会有相同的输出,没有任何副作用。
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```python
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l = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
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new_list = map(lambda x: x * 2, l) # [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
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```
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```python
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python3 -mtimeit -s'xs=range(1000000)' 'map(lambda x: x*2, xs)'
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2000000 loops, best of 5: 171 nsec per loop
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python3 -mtimeit -s'xs=range(1000000)' '[x * 2 for x in xs]'
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5 loops, best of 5: 62.9 msec per loop
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python3 -mtimeit -s'xs=range(1000000)' 'l = []' 'for i in xs: l.append(i * 2)'
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5 loops, best of 5: 92.7 msec per loop
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```
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map() 是最快的。因为 map() 函数直接由 C 语言写的,运行时不需要通过Python 解释器间接调用,并且内部做了诸多优化,所以运行速度最快。
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filter() 函数表示对 iterable 中的每个元素,都使用 function 判断,并返回True 或者 False,最后将返回 True 的元素组成一个新的可遍历的集合。
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```python
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l = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
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new_list = filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, l) # [2, 4]
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```
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举个例子,我想要计算某个列表元素的乘积,就可以用 reduce() 函数来表示:
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```python
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l = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
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product = reduce(lambda x, y: x * y, l) # 1*2*3*4*5 = 120
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```
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当然,类似的,filter() 和 reduce() 的功能,也可以用 for 循环或者 list comprehension来实现。
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通常来说,在我们想对集合中的元素进行一些操作时,如果操作非常简单,比如相加、累积这种,那么我们优先考虑 map()、filter()、reduce() 这类或者 list comprehension 的形式。至于这两种方式的选择:
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在数据量非常多的情况下,比如机器学习的应用,那我们一般更倾向于函数式编程的表示,因为效率更高;
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在数据量不多的情况下,并且你想要程序更加 Pythonic 的话,那么 listcomprehension 也不失为一个好选择。
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如果你要对集合中的元素,做一些比较复杂的操作,那么,考虑到代码的可读性,我们通常会使用 for 循环,这样更加清晰明了。
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如果让你对一个字典,根据值进行由高到底的排序,该怎么做呢?以下面这段代码为例,你可以思考一下。
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```python
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d = {'mike': 10, 'lucy': 2, 'ben': 30}
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sorted_d = dict(sorted(d.items(), key=lambda x: x[1], reverse=True))
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print(sorted_d) # 输出: {'ben': 30, 'mike': 10, 'lucy': 2}
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```
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在实际工作学习中,你遇到过哪些使用匿名函数的场景呢?
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## 11 | 面向对象(上):从生活中的类比说起
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```python
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class Document():
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def __init__(self, title, author, context):
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print('init function called')
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self.title = title
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self.author = author
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self.__context = context # __ 开头的属性是私有属性
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def get_context_length(self):
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return len(self.__context)
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def intercept_context(self, length):
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self.__context = self.__context[:length]
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harry_potter_book = Document('Harry Potter', 'J. K. Rowling', '... Forever Do not believ')
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print(harry_potter_book.title)
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print(harry_potter_book.author)
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print(harry_potter_book.get_context_length())
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harry_potter_book.intercept_context(10)
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print(harry_potter_book.get_context_length())
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print(harry_potter_book.__context)
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init function called
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Harry Potter
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J. K. Rowling
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25
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10
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---------------------------------------------------------------------------
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AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)
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Cell In[7], line 17
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15 harry_potter_book.intercept_context(10)
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16 print(harry_potter_book.get_context_length())
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---> 17 print(harry_potter_book.__context)
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AttributeError: 'Document' object has no attribute '__context'
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```
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如何在一个类中定义一些常量,每个对象都可以方便访问这些常量而不用重新构造?
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如果一个函数不涉及到访问修改这个类的属性,而放到类外面有点不恰当,怎么做才能更优雅呢?
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既然类是一群相似的对象的集合,那么可不可以是一群相似的类的集合呢?
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```python
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class Document():
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WELCOME_STR = 'Welcome! The context for this book is {}.'
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def __init__(self, title, author, context):
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print('init function called')
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self.title = title
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self.author = author
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self.__context = context
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# 类函数
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@classmethod
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def create_empty_book(cls, title, author):
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return cls(title=title, author=author, context='nothing')
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# 成员函数
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def get_context_length(self):
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return len(self.__context)
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# 静态函数
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@staticmethod
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def get_welcome(context):
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return Document.WELCOME_STR.format(context)
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empty_book = Document.create_empty_book('What Every Man Thinks About Apart from Sex', 'Professor Sheridan Simove')
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print(empty_book.get_context_length())
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print(empty_book.get_welcome('indeed nothing'))
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########## 输出 ##########
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init function called
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7
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Welcome! The context for this book is indeed nothing.
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```
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